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2015年8月16日日曜日

"Responsibility and judgment."

Arendt unpublished posthumous collection. Famous keyword of Arendt thought, "mediocrity of evil". It can not be aware of their own the determined responsibility, and also, and that can not be the will of the good, thing of evil that dwells in such mediocrity is. It was carried out in Germany under the Hitler dictatorship, many of the atrocities. It went evil, just was very ordinary people. Most ugly evil, lacking the will to judgment and responsibility sense and goodness, born from the "mediocrity of" ordinary. That's why, we are once again, individual responsibility, judgment, reconsider the will power, or not do I have to revive it. I think real voice of Arendt is like coming sounded to the bottom of the belly, it's a great great book. 1. "The responsibility of the individual under the dictatorship." Under the Hitler dictatorship in Nazi, many of the Jews were killed. This thing, I wonder can I we How thinking. After the war, Arendt was his big idea challenge this thing. Was contracted to murder, it was a man who not only just a gear for Hitler. They abandoned their "judgment", only it is ordained was carried out slaughter act to leave. In the "Third Reich, make decisions, a human just one person to run, this man I was responsible politically. It is leading to was Hitler himself. From [snip] officials of the terminal officials until, all of the people of the other that has been processing the public issue was only to actually . just because, anyone or will be that it does not bear personal responsibility. " Arendt says. Nevertheless, it was guilty person and he is responsible as "personal". On the basis of the Nuremberg trials that judged Nazi crimes, Arendt says in the following manner. that "justices revealed paying a big effort, rather than to be tried in the court system, neither a historical trend in the history of the case, rather than somehow even principle (for example, anti-Semitism), one person was that he such. " Is to be judged by the law, it is a "person" as a last responsibility subject. But also at the same time, "It may not be allowed that does not matter system of responsibility itself at all. Even from the moral point of view also from a legal point of view, I responsible for this system is called into question in the form of the circumstances." If a crime has been made, the responsibility is always personal. But the responsibility of the system that drove the individual to the crime also, there need to be asked of course. This is the basic when you think about the "individual responsibility." Arendt is a translation to claim so. 2. "Some of the problems of moral philosophy." It is most "philosophical" discussion unfolds in this book, is a lecture book entitled "some of the problems of moral philosophy," this. In this lecture, Arendt first say in the following manner. "All of ethics, for the human mortal, and as the assumption that life is not the highest good" is, and. That is, "In the human students, I thing important is to always present than the survival and reproduction of individual life." Arendt, ethics and just a "living" thing to say that it is not. To borrow the words of Aristotle, it is going to be called, it is that "to live well." (See page of Aristotle "political science") So, whether such hell does it mean to be a "live well". ① of very ordinary people responsibility Arendt says. "Nazi regime and proposed a new value system, these are worth system was introduced a legal system that has been devised on the basis of. In addition any person of German society, though not exactly the Force, is tuned to the Nazi regime Te, rather than their social status, it up to the moral beliefs was accompanied to these social status, it was as if were buried left out overnight. " Totalitarianism of the Nazis, was presented by the Nazis, was an absolute reduction of a new value system. And people, to leave is said, he had tuned into the value system. Therefore, it was gone disrupt the morality is, it was a very ordinary people. "Cause the collapse of morality is a collection of mere customs, practices that can arbitrarily change things, habits, from being out in the convention, not the responsibility of the criminal, it is the responsibility of very ordinary people. " Furthermore Arendt says. After the war, Germany is of the people, "and only notice a slight period of time," history "is only told the defeat of Germany, he returned to the original morality" of it and. "So we," the collapse of the moral "order, not only once, twice, not forced said that he had witnessed." Very ordinary people, the moral order in society, was very easily collapse. In fear of this thing, Arendt managed an think. That's why, we once again, there is a need to rethink the "individual responsibility." And whether will be able to regain the "number" as the responsibility mainly how, there is a need to rethink. Arendt is ask so. It is desirable to be made than do that bad ② Subsequently Arendt says. I, can be cut off if think the relationship with others, to try to Danto himself. But there is a can not regardless of being cut off in any way. It is the involvement of the "I". So we say. This is, rather than do that, "evil, shows the actual basis for the assertion that better to be made that the evil is desirable. When you do that bad, the person I was going to be bad in your own inner it will burdened, and I are forced to spend a lifetime in the close relationship of the more unbearable with this person. that you begin to follow this who you can not absolutely, "said. This sentence is, I think very attractive descent seems to Arendt. However, on the other hand, unfortunately this is whether not're bankrupt logically I think. Even say, Arendt, "it is plagued by later guilt if Nase evil. The relationship between such myself, I can not be cut off," he says, but we on the contrary, the "evil for When you are prompted, it is saddled with the resentment of that. the relationship between such myself, because I it is also possible to say that it can not be "that sever. In short, "themselves for it is not possible to sever a relation between the" thing grounds, to be discussed that "made evil" as more advantage that "to form an evil" is, he is unreasonable. But Arendt On the other hand, while borrowing the words of Plato, noble people as writings thought of (these Plato we are saying that choose to "be made evil" than that "to form the evil" has been expanded , see such as a page of "Gorgias"). This means that, there is a sufficiently convincing as mental attitude. Assuming, we can take over Arendt, or be able to get this "nobility" in how, and, it would be important to consider the social and educational conditions. ③ responsibility and storage Subsequently Arendt says. "The greatest villain, in order not to think about what their it was a person that can not be stored that his is a, and since it is not stored, the person who what also not disturbed to such I. " The responsible person refers to a person who is able to securely store its own actions. And the fact of such individuals, it referred to as a "personality". Therefore Arendt says as follows. "Then, the personality will be that it's results that are brought directly from . In other words, it is giving forgiveness, not a sin, it is that you forgive personality. And evil you have lost roots In, I personality that can forgive are no longer left. " When we referred to as "forgive" the others, it is, he forgive the "personality" rather than forgive sins. However, if the person is, if even possible to "remember" their sin is that it could not also be "deep thinking", we would not be able to find a character that can be "forgive" it is no longer It will be called. It's was a unprecedented in Nazi trial, just the people, in the defendant, should be forgiven, or lies in the fact it was difficult to find a "personality" should be tried. "The embarrassment at the trial of Nazi criminal has occurred, have these criminals voluntarily give up all of the personality nature, do not some people should also be pardoned person to punish like left Because it was like. " ④ reason, desire, will Furthermore Arendt says. Human beings there is a reason to, but people would sometimes allowed to surrender it to the desire. But to us, to arbitrate this reason and desire, it is equipped with further third of capacity. It's "intention". "Will is the arbiter of reason and desire, only intention in this role that's the freedom. [Snip] completely me just to be unique is the intention." By the force of this will, we can determine the right and wrong, and Megakeru to goodness. In either it would be possible if how. ⑤ You can either live with anyone. And, mediocrity of evil Arendt says. Firmly to determine the right and wrong, that is aiming at the good by the will. The conditions, are by the question of "Who with you want to live," said. "Which kind of people and you want to both life, through example, real or fictional person, already through the model of the deceased person or persons are now tail alive, and be thinking through the model of past and current events in, it is to choose. " Itself and by having the people who want to model, you can keep the will to good. Arendt argue so. When you, the terrible of is "yourself in with any person, it may appear a person of being able ", and Arendt says. "To choose their own model, if it is not possible to select a person who want to live together in the first place if there is no intention to be selected, and either not be able to interact with others by determining, when there is no intention involved is born true stumbling stone (Sukandaron) is. " In my, that there is no model, such as seems to want to cultivate the will to goodness, these people can be run to easily evil. So Arendt says. "There there is fear. And is there there is mediocrity of evil at the same time." Evil of mediocrity is, it is not able to will the good to have themselves the determined responsibility, he thing of evil that dwells in such mediocrity is.

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